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Chapter 2: State Variation in Rates of Use of ExD

In this chapter, we present information across the three CRDC data collections (2013-2014, 2015-2016, and 2017-2018) that reflects the variation in the use of ExD across the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (Note that the U.S. average rate is included and highlighted in red). Because schools differ in enrollment, it is important to report the use of ExD as a rate per 100 students enrolled as schools with larger enrollments will be more likely to report greater numbers of cases of ExD. By dividing the total number of cases of ExD reported by a school's total enrollment and then multiplying that number by 100, provides a standardized rate of use of ExD per 100 students enrolled. We also do this when computing rates of the different racial/ethnic groups by dividing the number of cases for a particular group by the total enrollment in the school for that group and then multiplying that number by 100.


 Here are some takeaways from these data:


  • In general, rates of ExD leveled off across  the 2013-2014 to 2015-2016 data collections, and then dropped in 2017-2018 compared to the previous data collections.
  • Several states showed considerable declines in rates of ExD from 2013-2014 to 2017-2018 (e.g., DC, IL, OH, OK, all dropped more than 2 cases of ExD per 100 students enrolled) whereas some states increased across this time (e.g., MS, NV, TN, IA NC SC). Users can explore these individual state patterns in Figure 2.1.
  • There was considerable variability in ExD rates across the states in all three data collections (average standard deviation across states = 2.21 cases of ExD per 100 students enrolled).
  • Year to year correlations were high and significant (average r = .94).
  • Average ExD state rates ranged from above 10 in DC, MS, and SC to below 3 in other states such as UT, SD, IA, ND, and IA.

Table 2.1: State ExD Rates Over Time

Figure 2.1: State ExD Rates Over Time

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This research was supported in part by a grant from the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) of the United States (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award (Grant #: (90Y#0122-01-00) totaling $95,790 with 25 percentage funded by ACF/HHS and 75 percentage funded by non-government source(s). The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by ACF/HHS, or the U.S. Government. For more information, please visit the ACF website, Administrative and National Policy Requirement. Support was also provided by funding from the Spencer Foundation and the Sanford Foundation. 


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