Chapter 6: Patterns of Rates of ExD in Use/No Use Groups

In this chapter, we present information describing the ExD rates in schools in the various and how these change over time and vary for different racial/ethnic groupos. Because schools in the No Use/No Use/No Use group (N/N/N) did not report any cases of ExD across the data collections (all data points were 0), this group is not depicted in these data. The remaining seven Use/No Use ExD Groups across the 3 data collections were:

No Use/No Use/Use (N/N/U)

No Use/Use/No Use (N/U/N)

No Use/Use/Use (N/U/U)

Use/No Use/No Use (U/N/N)

Use/No Use/Use (U/N/U)

Use/Use/Non Use (U/U/N)

Use/Use/Use (U/U/U)

Figure 6.1 presents the data reflecting the use of ExD over time. Here are some key takeaways from these data:

In general, rates of ExD decreased over time.
ExD rates were greatest in the schools that used ExD consistently across all three data collections (U/U/U).
For those schools that changed in the use of ExD, even when they used ExD, ExD rates were generally almost half the rates of the U/U/U group.
For those groups that changed in the use of ExD over the three data collections, the mean ExD rate was about the same before and after stopping its use (Mean rate before and after stopping the use of ExD = 2.7 and 2.6, respectively).
As such, once a school started using ExD with its students, rates of use generally returned to what they were before they stopped using ExD.

Figure 6.2 examines these same data broken down by race/ethnic group. Here are some key takeaways from Figure 6.2:

Rates of ExD decreased over time for all student groups. Black and Native American students showed the greatest declines relative to Hispanic and white students (who had lower rates beginning in 2013-2014).
Once again, for all groups of students, ExD rates were greatest in the schools that used ExD consistently across all three data collections (U/U/U).
The gap between the U/U/U group and all other groups was greater for Black and Native American students than it was for white and Hispanic students.
For those students in the U/N/U group, the ExD rates in 2017-2018 when ExD was reinstated rose to about the same levels seen in 2013-2014 before ExD was stopped in 2015-2016.
Even though rates of ExD generally dropped over time, it appears that the disparities seen before the stoppage of use of ExD returned to generally the same levels once ExD was reinstated.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) of the United States (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award (Grant #: (90Y#0122-01-00) totaling $95,790 with 25 percentage funded by ACF/HHS and 75 percentage funded by non-government source(s). The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by ACF/HHS, or the U.S. Government. For more information, please visit the ACF website, Administrative and National Policy Requirement. Support was also provided by funding from the Spencer Foundation and the Denny Sanford Foundation.

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